January is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, a time to learn about prevention, early detection, and ways to protect your health.
Cervical cancer is caused by the abnormal growth of cells that begin in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
The Role of HPV
Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a very common virus that is usually spread through sexual contact. In many people, HPV goes away on its own, but in some cases can cause changes in cervical cells that may develop into cancer over time if not detected early.
Signs and Symptoms
The early stages of cervical cancer may not cause symptoms. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include:
- Vaginal bleeding after sex, between menstrual periods or after menopause
- Watery or bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy or have a strong odor
- Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
Progression of cervical cancer to nearby tissues and organs may cause symptoms such as:
- Difficult or painful urination
- Diarrhea
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Abdominal pain
- Dull back ache or swelling in your legs
Visit a doctor or other healthcare professional if you are experiencing abnormal bleeding, unusual discharge, or any unexplained or persistent symptoms.
Reducing Your Risk
One of the most effective ways to lower the risk of cervical cancer by getting your cervical cancer screenings regularly.
Screening Tests
HPV Test: Looks for high-risk types of HPV that can cause changes in cervical cells.
Pap Smear (Pap Test): Detects precancerous or abnormal cells on the cervix.
When to Get Screened
Ages 21-29: Pap smear every 3 years if results are normal
Ages 30-65:
- Pap smear every 3 years, or
- HPV test every 5 years, or
- Pap smear and HPV test together every 5 years
If you are older than 65:
Your doctor may tell you that you don’t need to be screened anymore if:
- You have had at least three Pap tests or two HPV tests in the past 10 years, and the test results were normal or negative, and
- You have not had a cervical precancer in the past, or
- You have had your cervix removed as part of a total hysterectomy for non-cancerous conditions, like fibroids.
HPV Vaccine
The HPV vaccine helps protect against types of HPV most likely to cause cervical cancer. It is recommended for preteens (ages 11-12) but can be given as early as age 9. Teens and young adults who were not vaccinated earlier may still benefit from the vaccine. The HPV vaccine is safe, effective, and works best when given before exposure to HPV.
Talk with your healthcare provider about screening and vaccination options that are right for you.
Learn more: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/basic-information.html